CONSTRUCTING AN INTERNATIONAL REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO Coursework

CONSTRUCTING AN INTERNATIONAL REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO - Coursework Example Implementation complexities in constructing an effective portfolio possess risk factors, which make it necessary for crucial exposure and assessment of opportunities for the investment in the international real estate market. There has been an increase in international investments especially in international real estate markets, which is clear from the UK listed and unlisted wholesale markets. It is evident that most products fall under the value-added or opportunistic and risk or reward; hence they offer a wide range of the investments returns. The international listed real estate funds have different collective strategies according to different regions as indicated by fig.1. There is a variation of real estate types depending on the countries or country targeted. Consequently, there are different ways of gaining exposure to the investable market. Various options are employed to acquire and manage equity interests for international real estate investments. The aim of the paper is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of applying various methods for gaining exposure to the real estate investments. In addition, it evaluates the different methods used to fully acquire and manage equity interests in international real estate investments. Real estate refers to; the commercial sectors of office, retail, industrial, and leased residential real estate sectors. The real estate appraisers in the UK reflect value of asset factors such as expected income growth, risk of liquidity, management costs, income growth related risks, and the tenant default risk that enables the capitalization of the current and future income expectations and streams. This indicates that the international real estate investment can offer a number of investment features that have different risk levels. The different investment procedures makes it possible for the income streams to be cut in many ways and offers

Organisation business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Organisation business - Essay Example Emotional intelligence is largely promoted and touted to be the key to success in contemporary times, since it is all about retaining balance of self and reacting intelligently rather than emotionally, to any given situation at the work place. The power of emotional intelligence and its impact on employees’ work performance has been discussed and widely debated over the years (Homans, 1950; Rothlisberger & Dickson, 1939). However the relationship between the two has been recognized and acknowledged by researchers and organizations alike, only recently (Ashkanasy, Zerbe & Hartel, 2005). It has often been observed that not all employees are equally skilled at team work, and successful in leading or dealing with other employees. The concept of emotional intelligence can be used by managers, to unravel the mystery behind the failure of apparently intelligent employees with great credentials and strong academic and cognitive skills to perform at work (Murphy, 2006). It has been est ablished through various research that there is a direct relationship between emotional intelligence and the failure of employees at managerial positions to perform adequately at work (Lombardo, Ruderman, & McCauley, 1988, 199-216). The interest and literature on the concept of emotional intelligence is growing, with fair amount of evidence about its impact on job performance. The same can be utilized by the management while hiring, so that the right kind of employees with higher emotional intelligence can be hired for managerial positions. Although there is mounting evidence regarding the significance and relevance of ‘emotional intelligence’ on employees’ job performance, there are fair amount of criticisms of the concept, as well (Matthews, Zeidner, & Roberts, 2002; Landy, 2005, 411-424; Locke, 2005, 425-431). The same has been discussed in the subsequent sections. Definitions of emotional intelligence: According to Wharam (2009, 11), Emotional Intelligence is : â€Å"The potential to be aware of and use one's own emotions in communication with oneself and others and to manage and motivate oneself and others through understanding emotions† According to Jones (2006, 412) Emotional Intelligence entails the use of insight and balance of self, in decision making. It helps individuals in attending to problems or critical organizations situations an intelligent way; establish and improve better contacts and relationships within the organizations; help in motivating people around them skill-fully; manage themselves effectively in stressful situations by staying calm and focused and create positive emotions such as hope and compassion while dealing in stressful environment, thus encouraging people to develop a positive vision and attitudes. According to Salovey et al., (2004, 31): Emotional intelligence refers to "the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth". The key characteristics of Emotional intelligence as observed from the above definitions include: awareness of self; ability to manage and control one's emotions; the ability to use such self-control and direct it towards attainment of organizational goals; identify the emotions of other employees at work and motivate them - alternatively

DBD-NTP Reactor Test for Degradation of Methylene Blue

DBD-NTP Reactor Test for Degradation of Methylene Blue Abstract: Electrical discharges generated at water-gas interface in a nonthermal plasma (NTP) reactor were utilized for the degradation and mineralization of a model aqueous organic pollutant methylene blue. NTP based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have presented a great potential to remove contaminants from wastewater. The degradation of pollutions will greatly depend on the active species generated in NTP process. It was observed that both degradation efficiency and mineralization of the pollutant increased on addition of metal oxide catalyst, hydrogen peroxide and Fe+2 to plasma reactor. It has been observed that methylene blue degradation followed first-order kinetics and degree of mineralization increased as a function of time. 1. Introduction The presence of aqueous organiccompounds in water may have adverse health effects on humans and aquatic organisms[1-4]. Wastewater, especially from paper, textile and pharmaceutical industries may contain highly hazardous and toxic compounds[5, 6]. Typical organic pollutants like pharmaceuticals, dyes, etc are toxic and may contain some non-degradable intermediates that may havea potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity[7, 8]. One ofthe best practiced methods for remediation of these pollutants, adsorption, at best, may tranfer the pollutant to another phase, whereas, biodegradation may be time consuming [6, 9]. Ingeneral, mineralization of these pollutants is much desired. To achieve mineralization, advacned oxidation processes (AOPs) like photo-Fenton, photocatalytic, ultrasonic degradation and sonolysis combined with ozonolysis have been proposed[7, 10-14]. Yet another addition to AOPs is nonthermal plasmas (NTP) generated by electrical discharges. Non-thermal plasmas (cold plasma) are characterized by high electron temperatures (Te) and clod heavy particle temperature (Th). Due to the high electron temperature, the average gas temperature is much lower than that of the electron temperature. NTP based AOPs are gaining attention for remediation of gas and water bound pollutants and especially electric discharges at the water gas interface offers specific advantages like generation high energy electrons that may initiate the reaction, multiple oxidants for mineralization, mild operating conditions and possibility of scale up, etc.Oxidation of pollutant in AOPs proceeds via generation of one of the powerful oxidants, hydroxyl radical (OH, 2.8 V)that can mineralize a majority of the organic pollutants [15-18]. Plasma technologies have agreat potential and are widely used in a large number of technical applications like abatement of air pollutants, surface modification, lasers, etc[19]. The application of plasmas in environmental application has been growing at an exponential rate. Electrical discharges generated at gas-water interface may induce different physical and chemical effects like high electric fields, UV radiation, overpressure shock waves, and the formation of chemically active species [16, 19-22]. The interaction of the high energy electrons created by the discharge with the water molecules produces various reactive species, namely ions (H+, H3O+, O+, H, O, OH), molecular species (H2, O2, H2O2) and radicals (such as O†¢, H†¢, OH†¢) [6, 23-26].In addition, the hot electrons may have higher energy than the dissociation energy of water (5.16 eV) [6, 25,27]. However, even though the presence of UV light has been confirmed, direct photo oxidation of pollutant in water is very limited and among the active species; hydroxyl radical, atomic oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide are the most important ones [28, 29].Thus electrical discharges may provide a capsule of oxidizing species with varying oxidation potentials. For example, OH†¢ radical, one of the most important oxidants, has a very short life time and is mainly generated from the direct dissociation of water molecules in the plasma region [30-32]. The presence of multiple oxidizing species provides various avenues to combine with catalysts. For example, once the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is confirmed, addition of Fe-catalysts may facilitate Fenton type reactions. In a similar manner, in-situ decomposition of ozone on a suitable catalyst may lead to the formation of atomic oxygen, which has still higher oxidation potential than H2O2 and ozone. For the effective utilization of these short lived species, generally, metal oxide catalysts like Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO, etc are often integrated with NTP. These catalysts facilitate the in-situ decomposition of ozone, leading to the formation of atomic oxygen, which is a stronger oxidant to ozone. In general, nonthermal plasma reactors may be classified as the sub-atmospheric discharge reactors that demand a reduced pressure (radio frequency, microwave discharge,etc) and that are capable of operating at atmospheric pressure (Corona, dielectric barrier discharge, glow discharge etc). However, as the formation of these active species may depend on the reactor configuration[6, 33-35] it is worth mentioning the widely tested plasma rector models like corona discharge, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), glow discharge, plasma jet, and gliding arc, etc. 1.1. Dielectric barrier discharge Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) configuration is characterized by at least one insulating dielectric layers, which is placed between the electrodes. Its use in environmentalapplications can be tracked back to middle 18th century, when Siemens (1857) used it to generate ozone. The classical DBD configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. The advantage of DBD over the other dischargeslies inhaving the option to workwith NTP atatmosphericpressureandcomparatively straight forward scale-upto large dimensions. 1.2. Corona discharge Corona discharge is featured by relatively non-uniform electric field distribution, when compared to DBD, caused by the sharp edge or sharp point of its electrode. In general, one of the electrodes of corona discharge reactors is a needle or a thin wire that may provide a point to plate type discharge propagation. The electric field near the electrodes would be sufficiently higher than the rest of the discharge volume. The typical electrode configurations of corona discharge are illustrated in Figure 3. 1.3. Gliding Arc discharge The gliding arc (GA) is anunique non-thermal plasma that has relatively high plasma density, power and operating pressure in comparison with other non-equilibrium discharges. It has a dual character of thermal and nonthermal plasma, and can involve relatively high electric powers compared to the corona discharge. It is generated between two metal electrodes with a high velocity gas or gas–liquid fluid flowing between the electrodes. However, for environmental applications like decontamination of air and water pollutants, either corona or DBD is widely tested.DBD configuration has been reported as a promising technique for the removal of air pollutants [33][36-42]. [33][33, 34][33][33, 34]However, majority of the literature deals with treatment of air pollutants. Discharge in water is different to that in air due to differences between the characteristics of water and air[14][14][35]. As stated earlier, plasma generated at air-water interface is known to produce a variety of oxidants that are capable of mineralizing the target organic compounds. Among these oxidants, primary oxidants like ozone, H2O2 are important that may be converted to the secondary oxidants like OH radicals. 1.4. H2O2 production H2O2formation in NTP reactors was reportedwith a variety of feed gases (Ar,O2,air and N2) and interesting observation is that its formation takes place even in the absence of oxygen bubbling[58]. H2O2formation in the water for three model gases followed the order N22.Table 2 summarizes the selected reports that deal with quantitative information on H2O2formation and the corresponding reactions responsible for its formation are summarized below. It may be concluded that the feed gas may affect the formation of oxygen basedreactive species such as OH, O3, O and positive and negative charged ions like †¢O2+,H3O+, †¢O2, †¢O3-.. H2O2 formed by the following reaction (Equations 1-6). 1.5. Ozone production Ozone is yet another oxidant reported that has major applications during NTP abatement of pollutants. The ozone formation and the corresponding reactions of ozone are summarized in Eq. 7-12. Ozone reacts with organic compounds present in wastewater directly via molecular and indirectly through radical type chain reactions. Both reactions may occur simultaneously[35][35]. It is known that ozone reacts with unsaturated functional groups present inorganic molecules, leading the conversion of the pollutant [65]. Sim[35]plified reaction mechanism of ozone in aqueous environment is given in Eq. 8-12. Inaddition, NTP is known toproduce ultra-violet (UV) light due to excited nitrogen molecules present in air [15][33]. Therefore, in aqueous solution, UV light induced dissociation of H2O2 molecules may lead to the formation of hydroxyl radicals(Eq. 13) [66, 67][35]. Eq. 14-17 summarizes the pathway the possibilities in which ozone, H2O2 and UV light may induce the formation of various oxidants that can mineralize the pollutants. Discharges in water may also change the pH of the solution significantly, due to the formation of various inorganic and organic acids[6, 16, 21,68]. The formation of inorganic acids is a result of a series of reactions involving back ground gas like nitrogen, as shown in eq-18 to 23. It has been observed that pH of the solution decreases rapidly due to the formation of water soluble ions. As a result, conductivity of solution also increases significantly. 2. Degradation of a model dye methylene blue A schematic of the reactor used for these experiments are shown in figure X. The electrical discharge was produced in a parallel plane type coaxial NTP-DBD reactor by a high-voltage 0–40 kV AC source transformer (Jayanthi transformers). Quartz is a common material used as a dielectric, due to its excellent dielectric properties and its resistance to ozone. The reactor is a transparent quartz cylinder with an inner diameter of 19 mm and wall thickness of 1.6 mm. Silver paste painted on the outer surface of the quartz tube acts as the outer electrode, whereas a cylindrical stainless steel rod served as the inner electrode. The discharge length was 20 cm and the discharge gap was around 3.5 mm. 2.1. Effect of initial concentration and applied voltage Figure 4 presents the degradation of 100 ppm of a model pollutant methylene blue (MB)as function of time for different voltages at 50 Hz. Increasing voltage favor higher conversion, as conversion of MB improved 91% to 95% on increasing voltage from 14 to 18 kV after 25 min [15]. This may be due to the availability of more energetic electrons at 18 kV that may lead to higher degradation. However, degradation decreases with increasing the initial concentration. At14 kV increasing MB concentration from 50 ppm to 100 ppm decreased the conversion from 97% to 91%.A rapid increase in the degradation was observed during the initial stage of plasma treatment followed by a slow increase, probably due to competition between pollutant molecules and the intermediate products formed during the degradation. 2.2. Effect of discharge gap It is known that performanceof NTP reactors depend on the distance between the electrodes[69]. In order to understand this observation, during MB degradation, the electrode distance was varied between 1.5 to 4.5mm. As seen from the Fig.5, for 100 ppm MB degradation at 18 kV, in 25 min thedegradation reached 86, 89.5, 93.5 and 92%, respectively for 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 mm discharge gap, indicating the optimum discharge gap of 3.5 mm. A similar observation was made by Hao et al. who varied the electrode separation between 10 to 20 mm and after 15 min, the conversion of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) decreasedwith increasing the inter-electrode separation. Approximately 78% conversion of 4-CP was obtained with 10 mm inter-electrode separation that decreased to only 45% with 20 mm. With a relatively larger inter-electrode separation, more energy is required for plasma channel formation, whereas optimum separation may also provide plasma-photochemical effects and subsequently a faster degradation of 4-CP. 2.3. Effect of feed gas Feed gas may also influence the degradation of the pollutants in NTP reactors. In order to understand this, degradation of 100 ppm of MB was followed at 18 kV by bubbling 200 ml/min of O2, argon and air(Fig. 6). As seen in Fig. 6, the MB degradation was 97.4, 53.2 and 93.4 %, respectively for oxygen, argon and air. The highest degradation of MB with oxygen and air may be due to formation of oxygen based active species like OH†¢, O3, O†¢, H2O2 and positive and negative charged ions like †¢O2+, H3O+, †¢O2, †¢O3.This observation is consistent with report by Du et al., for different feed gases, including air, oxygen, nitrogen and argon during the degradation of a dye AO7. The degradation during the plasma treatment is highest for oxygen and least with nitrogenbubbling [62]. 2.4. Effect ofNa2SO4 As explained earlier, electric discharges produce various reactive species. However, these species may not oxidize the pollutant. For example, the direct interaction of ozone with pollutant is may be ruled out. One of the ways of improving the performance is by adding suitable additives like metal oxides, carbon, ferrous ion and hydrogen peroxide, etc that may facilitate the secondary reactions leading to the formation of strong oxidants.Large amounts of sulphate are generally essential in the dye bath for successful dyeing, which results in high concentrations of sulphate discharge in the effluent. To examine the effect of Na2SO4 concentration on decolorization efficiency, 50 mg/L of SO4-2 in 100 ppm MB was prepared. The solution was treated at 16 kV applied voltage and the observed degradation was 97.5% against 93.5 % with plasma alone. The excess SO4-2 may react with the hydroxyl radicals to generate SO4-†¢which is more reactive than hydroxyl radicals. 2.5. Effect of H2O2 and Fe+2addition Many researchers have reported the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and improved performance during the degradation of pollutants in NTP reactors.The prominent reactions with H2O2 may involve the homolytic fission of the O−O bond leading to theformation of reactive hydroxyl radicals with high oxidizing power (2.8 V). These hydroxyl radicals may attacks the organic pollutants to initiate the degradation.Hence presence/addition of H2O2 may increase the concentration of active OH†¢ and thus accelerate the degradation rate. As the present study confirmed the formation of 80 ppm of H2O2, influence of Fe2+was studied by adding 50 mg of ferrous sulphate. The addition of Fe+2 may facilitate the formation of à ¢- OH, à ¢- HO2 ,etc, via the Fenton reaction (Eq. (25)as shown below Addition of Fe2+ shows positive effect on MB degradation (96.5%), where the conversion of 100 ppm MB increased from 96.5% at 16 kV from 93% with plasma approach alone (Fig. 7). 2.6. Effect of metal oxide catalyst Ozone is one of the oxidizing species with high oxidizing power andis one of the important species formed in NTP.However, direct reaction of ozone with pollutant may not be effective and in order to utilize the potentials of ozone, often a catalyst is combined with plasma. In this context, oxygen deficient CeO2 catalysts are beneficial for ozone decomposition due to presence of defect induced vacancies. During the present study, addition of 100 mg of the catalyst to test solution increased the degradation to 99 % from 93.5 % without catalyst at 16 kV. It is reported that the improvement in the degradation efficiency with catalytic plasma approach is due to in situ formation of atomic oxygen that is capable of mineralizing pollutant due to higher oxidation potential (2.42 V) than ozone (2.07 V) [22]. It is known that many of the excited species produced in NTP are short-lived and addition of catalysts may either enhance the life time of short-lived species or/and facilitate the format ion of secondary oxidants. The catalytic decomposition of ozone may be explained as given in the following equations [15, 26]. 2.7. Mineralization of Aqueous Organic Pollutant The degradation of the dyes was followed by TOC (total organic carbon), which is an index of the pollutant concentration in the solution. TOC indicates the degree of mineralization of the target compound. The plasma treatment of dye solutions decreased the TOC with time and Table 1 presents the data on the decrease of TOC under different flow rates and voltages. The decreasing TOC with increasing treatment time indicated that the degraded organic carbon may be converted into CO, CO2 and H2O [26, 51][32]. [32]This accounts for a degradation process of the solute and consequently for the detoxication level of water. The CO, CO2 released during the reaction confirms that some amount of degraded dye was mineralized. However, during the present study, COX analyzer was utilized only for qualitative analysis. Pollutant + plasma (Active species) →CO + CO2 + H2O (35) 2.8. Energy efficiency The degradation efficiency may be better illustrated by the amount of pollutant decomposed per unit of energy (represented as energy yield). The energy yield of the degradation was calculated by using the following relation[15, 17,18], where C is initial pollutant concentration, V is the volume of the solution, degradation (%) is % degradation at time t, P is power and ‘t’ is time. It was observed that as a function of time the energy yield decreases and percent degradation increases. Increasing applied voltage increases the power and decreases the energy yield. Energy Efficiencies reported for plasma discharge processes are given in Table 1. For MB degradation, in presence of CeO2 catalyst and H2O2 the energy yield increased to 46.2 and 51.3 respectively, whereas, for plasma alone the value is 43.1 g/kWh for 100 ppm initial concentration at 16 kV. Feed gases also change the reactor efficiency as well as the energy yield, as with oxygen it is increased to 45.4, whereas, with argon it is only 14.41 g/kWh. 2.9. Degradation Kinetics During the plasma treatment of aqueous organic pollutants it has been observed that concentration of pollutants in solution decreases with time and the degradation followed first order kinetics. The rate constant was calculated based on Eq-7[45, 68, 70,71]. ln(Ct / C0) = –k1t (24) where Ct, C0, and k1, are the concentration of Aqueous Organic Pollutant for a given reaction time, initial concentration, and first-order rate constant (min-1), respectively. 3. Conclusions A DBD-NTP reactor was tested for the degradation of 100 ppm methylene blue. It was observed that the optimum discharge gap was 3.5 mm and addition of hydrogenperoxide improved the performance of the reactor, probably due to the formation of hydroxyl radical via Fenton reactions. Increasing voltage leads to higher conversion, and catalyst addition increased both conversion and mineralization of the dye.

Americas Role in the Cuban Revolution :: American America History

America's Role in the Cuban Revolution The revolution in Cuba was not a result of economic deprivation, nor because of high expectations in the economy, it was the political factors and expectations which evoked the civilians to revolt. The Cuban economy was moving forward at the time before the rebellion but the dominant influence of the sugar industry made the economy "assymetrical" and encouraged no "dynamic industrial sector". Because of the dependance on sugar, the unemployment rate ranged between 16 and 20% rising and falling with sugar prices, ebbing and flowing as the season changed. The rural wage levels were incredibly unsteady and unpredictable; the standard of living was low. Dependance on the sugar industry did not retard the economy of Cuba, just the wages of its workers. It was the leaders of the nation who reaped profit from this dependance, and it was the leaders of the nation who insisted on keeping the nation the way it was. By the mid 1950's, however, the middle class had expanded to 33% of the population. Democracy, as we know it, broke down: the large middle class did not assert democratic leadership, there was no social militancy in the working class ranks, and the people found order preferable to disarray. Batista could no longer legitimize his regime. Failure in the elections of 1954 showed the discontent of the people, and failure in communications with the United States illustrated its discontent. Finally, opposing forces confronted Batista's power: there were street protests, confrontations with the police, assault, sabotage, and urban violence. This began the revolution in Cuba. America, with its stubborn ideas and misjudgements of character, forced Castro to turn to the Soviets for alliance and aid. When Castro visited the United States in April, 1959, there were different respected individuals holding different views of him and his future actions. Nixon believed Castro to be naive, some others thought him a welcome change from Batista, still others called him an "immature but effective leader, without a well formed view of how to lead a revolutionary movement and not overly concerned with abstract of philosophical matters" (p. 55). Why, then, did the United States impress nit-picky ideals like "there should not be communists in the Army or in labor", or "Cuba's approach to the Batista trials is totally unacceptable, too casual, too nonchalant" on this "forming" leader? Castro was like an inexperienced murderer with a gun in his hand: any rustle in the background could set off his nervous trigger

India’s Population Essay

India with its 1.21 billion population occupies second place in the world next to China. India has about 17.5% of the world population with only 2.4% of the world area. The changes in the size and growth of India’s population are considered here in terms of two broad periods, namely Pre-Independence period and the Post-Independence period. The year 1881 is important in the sense that it was the year when the first census on a country wide basis was taken in India. Population of India: Pre Independence Period According to Herodotus (490 B.C.), India was one of the most populous countries in the world. Alexender’s army which invaded India in 327-326 B.C., found a large population. India’s first real empire under Chandragupta Maurya (321-297 B.C.) left records indicating the existence of a standing army of approximately 7,00,000 men. Only a very substantial population could have supported such a large army. The first national decadal census was conducted in 1881 recording a population of 225 million which declined to 251 million in 1921. The Population of India: Post Independence Period Till 1951, when the first census after independence was conducted, the decadal growth was around 13 to 14 percent, registering a gradual rise. 1961 recorded a growth of 21.5percent, which increased to 24.8 and 24.7 percent in 1971 and 1981 respectively. In 1991 the growth rate slightly declined to 23.6 percent. It is a matter of concern that the decadal population growth rate has declined to 21.2 percent in 2001 which further declined to 17.6 percent in 2011. It is estimated that by 2028 India will double its population and it will become the most populous country in the world by 2035. Population Planning in Five Year Plans : India is the first country of the world to adopt the population planning to control its population as an official policy. After an expansion of clinical services in the first two five year plans, the third plan which started in an environment of shock, changed its strategy to extension approach which continued in the fourth plan too. The fifth Five Year Plan (1974-1979) has been unique in the history of the country as a new Family Planning Programme was opted during this. The National Population Policy Statement of April 1976 was the most articulate renunciation of the official policy. The following were its main features: 1. Increase the legal minimum age at marriage from 15 to 18 years for females and 18 to 21 years for males. 2. Freezing the population at the 1971 level for determining representation in Parliament and the State Legislatures up to 2000 A.D. 3. 1971 population was considered as the base for allocation of Central assistance to the State Plans. 4. Eight percent of Central Assistance to the States was to be linked with family planning programme performance. 5. The allotment of houses and loans were to be linked to family size. The eighth Five Year Plan (1992-1997) set the population goal for achieving a net reproductive rate of one by turn of the century and zero population growth by the year 2050 A.D. The immediate objective of the National Population Policy 2000 was to address the unmet needs for contraception, health care infrastructure. In the eleventh Plan which started in 2007, it was emphasised that only through a multi- pronged strategy of combining fertility control measure and welfare measures with population education for people at large and youths in particular along with making school education up to age 14 free and compulsory and reducing drop outs at primary and secondary school levels below 20 percent for both boys and girls, the population goal of India can be achieved. For the twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017), it has been emphasised to improve healthcare infrastructure and implementation of making education compulsory for all the children till the age of 14. Adverse Consequences of Population Explosion: The population explosion, which is undermining all our efforts towards development of the country, is perhaps the single most pressing problems faced by it. The recent census has revealed that while there has been a decline in the rate of growth of population, still the growth rate of 1.7 percent per annum is quite high. If the population growth continues as at present, the country will have such a large population which would be virtually unmanageable. Despite best efforts, it would not be possible to provide even the basic necessities of life to the people at large. Such relentless population growth would also create havoc to our environment and will lead to ecological crises. It has considerable impact on natural resource uses and socio – economic development. Rapid population growth will also mean increased urbanization, which may lead to more diseases and further deterioration of water and sewer systems and various pollutions. Future Directions: There cannot be only one miracle formula which will cover the entire country. The main barriers of population control such as poverty, illiteracy, son – preference etc. need to be removed. Since these barriers operate simultaneously at different levels, it is difficult and rather impractical to assign priorities to them. It is obvious that increase in literacy and educational status of women will have positive effects on population control, infant mortality, health care, nutrition, sanitation and hygiene. Further, it will result in raising the age of marriage, improved knowledge of contraception and adoption of small family norm. Population control and Family Welfare Programme need to have a national consensus, cutting across political, religious and cultural differences. It should be based on active community participation and has to be transformed from a Government Programme into People’s Movement. Population education should be part of school and college education. It should also form an important ingredient of adult education and non-formal education. Communication strategies should be so devised as to be effective enough to bring about attitudinal changes and dispel apathy, ignorance and misgivings about family planning and small family norm. In conclusion, it is important that people not only have proper health services which are both accessible and available, but they should also have access to employment which will provide them with financial security. People must be made educated and have awareness, as education itself is the best contraceptive. People should realize that having a girl child does not mean carrying a heavy burden.

Leadership Styles and Characteristics Essay

Discuss two styles of leadership and five characteristics of an effective leader. A leader is one who has the knowledge understanding, confidence and communication skills to lead or drive their followers to a particular goal. Everyone cannot be a leader; followers are needed to get things done. An autocratic leader is one who makes all the decisions regarding his/her followers; its either their way or no way. People that are new to the company in which this leadership resides may need this style in order to become effective are their job, as this type of leadership is very detailed in the things they want done. In the event this leader needs to make a very important and swift decision, they do not sit and listen to everyone’s opinion like a democratic leader; this leader has to rely on their own capabilities as an effective leader. In situations that are stressful and there is a deadline that has to be met most people would rather an autocratic leader, so that they can focus on the work rather than deal with complex situations. On the other hand the people that follow this leader may rebel or become irritable towards the leader; this can then cause strikes and maybe even acts of violence. People in general like to have a voice or be heard regarding an issue involving them; once you take that away a negative impact may occur. An autocratic leadership may have a lack of creativity as there is only one person making the decisions. This type of leadership can be used effectively when the leader is the most knowledgeable than the other group members. A laissez-fare leader is a little more laid back than the autocratic leader as this style of leadership gives full power to the staff to make decisions and rely on their own abilities. The followers of this style usually are able to handle the company themselves as they are experienced and equipped to do so. This leader has no choice but to trust his/her staff since the leader may not be easy to contact. Sometimes the leader is needed and cannot be found, this can send confusion and paranoia throughout the company; this usually happens because the leader doesn’t know their responsibilities so they allow the staff to cover for them. Some people cannot disciple themselves enough to set their own deadlines for completion of necessary projects, this can cause a decline in productivity for the group. An effective leader must be able to set a good example for their followers. Certain leaders, like that of a president or leader of a country are constantly watched so a positive example must always be apparent. By showing endurance in certain situations, whether it be mental or physical, you can inspire others to do the same. Leaders should always have a pleasing personality. No one wants to follow someone who is negative about every situation, so a good personality should always shine through. This personality should appeal to both male and female followers. Telling your followers how much of a good job their doing can increase productivity and prove positive for the group. A good communicator is not only good at speaking but they should be good at listening; which is another characteristic of an effective leader. To be able to not only understand what your followers are saying but to have the ability to paraphrase in short terms can also be effective. A good leader is in tune with their followers. They are involved in every aspect of the project from the beginning to end; they have no problem rolling up their sleeves and getting dirty but still have the ability to set themselves apart from the pack and be an effective leader. Leaders should be intelligent, skilled and qualified for their position. If you have less qualifications than your followers this could pose a problem if they were to find out. When you look up to someone usually they have more knowledge or a strong educational background with experience to back it up.

Differences between Aristotle and Machiavelli essays

Differences between Aristotle and Machiavelli essays Differences between Aristotle and Machiavelli Of the philosophers that we have studied: Plato, Aristotle and Machiavelli, it is evident that they all have differing opinions about certain concepts. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the different views of Aristotle and Machiavelli concerning the issues of politics and human nature. For Aristotle, a political community is one in which there are arguments and dialogues over what is advantageous and harmful, and just and unjust. The mail goal for the community is happiness for each other. Aristotle is not an idealist like Plato was. He believes that nature disposes us to set rules living in a community. For him, arguments or conflicts are what makes things run; but he sees in this the goal of construction. In short, Aristotle believes politics are worthy of pursuing and carrying out for the common good, to prevent chaos, and for happiness, virtue and equality. Contrastingly, for Machiavelli in politics the only rules that should be followed are those that help a person gain security and power. The idea of the common good is irrelevant to Machiavelli. He believes that people only go into politics for power and who ever the ruler may be; he should be forceful and manipulative. In terms of human nature, Machiavelli believes that we all came into this world naked, unprotected, insecure, and alone. He says nature provides each of us with an inclination towards evil but creates a condition of scarcity that makes each of us fundamentally alone in the universe. He thinks that human beings are selfish, antagonistic towards others and inclined to evil. It is our nature that inclines us to try and defeat others and only those things that further our power and increase our ambition are in our best interest. Machiavelli also believes that human beings are divided by reason and desire. It is natural to him that our reason obeys our desires. We are not rational an...

How to Write an Analytical Essay on Romeo and Juliet

How to Write an Analytical Essay on Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet Features of writing about Romeo and Juliet How to start How to create an outline How to write a thesis for an essay on Romeo and Juliet How to write an introduction Tips on introduction and thesis writing How to write body paragraphs Tips on body writing How to conclude Tips on conclusion writing Tips on revision Analytical essay sample (Romeo and Juliet) Features of writing about Romeo and Juliet Writing about Romeo and Juliet allows one to discuss cultural diversity. Since you exist in today’s world, expounding on a play composed centuries ago enables you to explore cultural perspectives and assumptions different to yours and learn the historical background of modern culture. Additionally, writing about such characters as Romeo and Juliet enables you to explore the language. Shakespeare’s language utilizes complex syntax, extensive vocabulary and many phrases. Furthermore, you expand your syntactic attention span and vocabulary and can learn via imitation how Shakespeare employs figurative language. How to start Before starting your analytical essay on Romeo and Juliet, state some form of claim or argument about what you are analyzing. Typically, analytical articles focus on how the book or poem was composed, for example, how the utilization of similitude and metaphor brings forth a precise connotation to the anecdote, and how specific topics are depicted in the narrative. Alternatively put, analytical essays require the writer to examine a book or play’s smaller sections and expound them thus developing a bigger picture. For one to begin an analytical paper, thoughts and facts must be reviewed, and from there, connections are linked thus articulating concepts and using events to support it. How to create an outline When writing an outline for this type of paper, specifically an analysis essay outline format must be followed. A written outline is an effective method of arranging your thoughts. An outline breaks down sections of your thesis in a simple, hierarchical manner to aid you in viewing your essay’s overall format. So. below is how an essay’s outline can look like: Sample Outline I. Introduction Sentence capturing your reader’s interest One-two sentence proclamation (Thesis statement) II. Body paragraphs First main idea Second main idea Third main idea III. Conclusion Thesis restatement Insightful sentence closing Third main idea How to write a thesis for an essay on Romeo and Juliet The thesis tells your reader what to expect. It is precisely worded, restricted, and declaratively states your essay’s purpose. A paper lacking a carefully conceived thesis is below par. Here is a thesis statement which is fitting for an analytical essay: â€Å"By not punishing more harshly the early acts of hatred in Romeo and Juliet, an atmosphere welcomes hatred to thrive which ends in demise is formed by the Prince.† Naturally, the thesis statement is typed at the introductory paragraph’s end. How to write an introduction Your analytical essay’s introduction should attempt to enthrall your reader’s interest. To shift immediate focus to your subject, use quotations, brief anecdotes, a provocative question, or a merger of all. Also, consider using background information pertinent to your thesis and necessary for your reader to recognize your stance. Tips on introduction and thesis writing Hook your reader with a captivating first sentence. Begin with an example. Ensure your argument has context. Preview your paper’s structure. Craft a distinctive arguable thesis. Transition into your first paragraph to sum everything up. How to write body paragraphs The term used for the advancement of central ideas in your analytical essay is ‘body paragraph.’ Here, one presents the paragraphs supporting/upholding their thesis statement. A compelling analysis essay contains evidence from the text and explains your ideas. Tips on body writing Begin by typing your key ideas in sentence form. Apply textual evidence (specific details, summary, direct quotations, and paraphrase). Write your supporting points for your chief idea that is, quotations and paraphrases from sources and facts (findings and statistics from conducted studies). Ensure you tie the facts you state back to the paragraph’s main idea (analysis). Your transition from paragraph to paragraph should be fluid. Explain your argument’s importance. How to conclude Your analytical essay needs a concluding paragraph which gives your writing a sense of completeness along with alerting the reader your essay is concluding. Your finishing paragraph might summarize your paper’s key points; reaffirms the thesis in other terms, or make relevant comments regarding the analytical essay, but from a different perspective. Here is the illustration, â€Å"This feud ends tragically for Juliet and Romeo. The events contrast revenge and hatred with love and secret nuptials, forcing the youthful lovers to mature quickly and tragically die in despair. Tips on conclusion writing Don’t start a new subject in your conclusion. Make it short. Challenge the reader by posing an inquiry. Synthesize, do not summarize. Don’t repeat things stated in your thesis. Redirect your readers by giving them something to ruminate on. Tips on revision To write a perfect essay, you always need to reread your paper and correct all the mistakes. Keep your format simple. Include clear transitions, citations, and markers. Include support and evidence for main points. Check your grammar and spelling. Ensure the essay’s intent is shown not told. Analytical essay sample The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Lord Capulet is at fault partially because he instructed Juliet to slow down and find an individual she loves before getting hitched. So is Friar Laurence due to his hasty decision about secretly conducting the nuptials in the absence of their parents’ knowledge. Romeo and Juliet are blamed since at a youthful age, they secretly got married, without anyone’s knowledge. In the disastrous love story, composed by Shakespeare, Romeo, Friar Laurence, Lord Capulet, and Juliet are all at fault for the killing of Juliet and Romeo because they were rushed into decision making. Lord Capulet, the father of Juliet, was hasty in decision making because he attempted to overwhelm the sadness which came from Tybalts demise with the ‘wonderful’ news of Juliet’s marriage with Paris. Juliet’s father informs Juliet about her nuptials to Paris that coming Thursday and paints a picture of how big a celebration it will be. A day past, Lord Capulet alters the date from that Thursday to that Wednesday. Capulet acted hastily in his decision, so did Friar Laurence. Friar Laurence was the individual who joined Romeo and Juliet in matrimony without either’s families’ knowledge. In the introduction to scene six, â€Å"the two declare their unending love for each other and prepare to seal their marriage by the Friar.† Friar additionally gave Juliet the portion whose aim was making her appear lifeless for â€Å"two and forty hours.† Romeo and Juliet are blamed for their demise. They both acted hastily and got married in their parents’ absence, without their consent. They were around sixteen and thirteen as well. If Romeo would have been present to talk to Juliet, he would have known her plan and would not have killed himself since Juliet was still alive. If Romeo didn’t kill himself, Juliet would not have either. Many people are blamed for the killing of the romantic yet tragic Romeo and Juliet that is, Friar Laurence, Juliet, Romeo, and Lord Capulet. This tragic love story shows us how to love and secret nuptials forced the youthful lovers to mature quickly and dreadfully die in despair.

Alternative Styles Of Creative Advertising Marketing Essay

Alternative Styles Of Creative Advertising Marketing Essay The purpose of this report was to create a creative campaign idea for GWS Motorsport to attract more audiences as well as to increase awareness of the company. Hence, an evaluation of creative strategies theory will apply to the campaign in order to support the raw ideas. The report will show all the achievable innovative approaches that may increase the effectiveness and efficiencies of the campaign. On top of that, one of the strategy approaches has been selected for the GWS Motorsport campaign as part of the creative strategy. This report also aims to give an understanding of the campaign objectives, appropriate strategy for the outcome, the messages that what is this campaign about to pass on and to create the characteristic for GWS Motorsport race team. Hence, a clutter of consumers requires a creative approach to segment them by using marketing mix strategy. As a result, positioning exist in the market to avoid tight competition in the same industry. (Chitty, 2005) 1.2. Scope While understanding GWS Personnel Motorsport, the team does not bring in any profit however they do exercised some business strategies to at least cover its costs because running a race team cost a lot of money. Therefore, the main revenue streams included sponsorship, driver leasing and for those potential revenue streams were from the hot laps, driver sessions/training, VIP tickets and guest appearances. (O’Donnel, n.d) 1.3. Method The information used in this report was gathered by using the sources from GWS Personnel Motorsport official website, GWS presentation power point slides, a series of email with the marketing consultant, Nik O’Donnell and the textbook. Therefore, the second edition of Integrated Marketing Communications textbook was one of the main references that provided the information of creative strategies theory that were applied to this report. 1.4. Company’s Background GWS Personnel Motorsport is a team that puts together by Allan Shephard a nd Peter O’Donnell and mainly sponsored by GWS Personnel itself. Additionally, GWS Personnel is a regional based recruitment company that was established in the early 90’s. There are other sponsors too such as the Shire Conveyancer, Spinifex Australia, and Evocities. Peter O’Donnell has always been passionate about motorsport racing which is the reason behind the team he formed. The GWS Personnel Motorsport as known as the Australian Manufacturers Champions formed a wide range of production cars such as the Europe and Japanese cars were used on the race track. (GWS Motorsport, 2011) 2. Findings 2.1. Creative Strategies Theory In this day and age, many business companies have implemented more creative strategies that use to draw consumer attention and provoke them to purchase a product or a service. As a general rule, these creative strategies are based on the targeted market demographic, psychographic, geographical and behavioral. Advertisers often use catchy ji ngles to capture consumer interest therefore such creative strategy may promote publicity and public relations with them. Based on Table A, the creative strategies are divided into three categories and they are the functional orientation, symbolic/experiential orientation, and category-dominance orientation.

Life Span Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life Span Human Development - Essay Example Moreover, according to the Government of Saskatchewan (1999) there is also a multi-dimensional component insofar as the theory holds that there is a biological, cognitive, socio-emotional and spiritual dimension. From this perspective one could argue that a person could develop into a number of different paths owing to a number of different lifelong conditions. Without question the interaction of hereditary factors and the environment interplay with each other to produce differences in human development. According to Sigelman & Rider (2009) it is the case that one’s genes are patterned throughout our entire lifespan. Whilst many people have commonalities in the way we age and develop physiologically there remains a profound difference in the way we may develop on an individual basis. Some people may be more tall or short or perhaps athletic or sickly. These factors play a major influence on our development. Moreover, people put into different environments may develop different ly. For example people in an abusive environment may develop differently than people in a more nurturing environment. From this perspective there are a number of separate internalities and externalities that help shape who we are over the course of our life. References Government of Saskatchewan (1999) The Lifespan Perspective on Human Development.

Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Report - Assignment Example Your Supplementary Text helps you or go online. You will use these journal articles to write your structured report. So please keep copies of these articles. Cash, H., Rae, C., Steel, A. and Winkler, A., (2012). Internet Addiction: A Brief Summary of Research and Practice, US National Library of Medicine   National Institutes of Health, Curr Psychiatry Rev. Nov; 8(4): 292–298. King, D., Delfabbro, P., Griffiths, M. and Gradisar, M. (2012). Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches to OutpatientTreatmentof Internet Addiction inChildrenand Adolescents, Journal of Clinical Psychology: In session, Vol. 68(11), 1185–1195 Extend your search by including five other sources of information relating to your topic below. They can be conference papers, newspaper articles, magazines, etc. Enter them in APA 6th edition style correctly here. Internet addiction should be recognised as a clinical disorder, psychiatrist claims, (n.d.). Mailonline, Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-542768/Internet-addiction-recognised-clinical-disorder-psychiatrist-claims.html TIP: The title of your report must be narrow/focussed. You might want to review this title after you have finished the entire report. The title should give the reader a good idea of what to expect in the report. While Internet obtained an indescribable power of impact toward the way people got connected, such technological advance have also altered the relationship between them, creating basis for the scholars to dive into the potential of Internet addiction and its effect on people’s behavioural changes. Researchers ultimately agree that the new digital era has created its impact on the development of the human mind. Despite such useful features as availability to obtain incredible information and opportunity to be more socially connected, possibilities for self-education, freedom from shyness and huge economic betterment, psychiatrists have noticed that excessive use of Internet can lead to

The Impact of using New Technology in Art Exhibitions Essay

The Impact of using New Technology in Art Exhibitions - Essay Example This is followed by a thorough analysis of the various expert viewpoints regarding several issues, such as whether online exhibition seems likely to replace traditional exhibition completely. These viewpoints are extracted from different literatures. For the artistic viewpoint, the research has used ‘Ways of Seeing’ and ‘Management and the Arts’, whereas, management books help elaborate the business viewpoint. 1. Traditional Exhibition: Scientific and technological advancement has dynamically altered the traditional exhibition industry, bringing in innovative technology into performance art, as is present in the London Design Museum. This has enhanced the ability of artistic techniques to express and generate emotion, and has also made the use of network form more efficient. Experts also write about how technological changes have affected the viewership and appreciation of the relevant art forms and their exhibitions. Technology has enabled a whole new segme nt of visitors to visit these art exhibitions and museums to appreciate the work. These audiences are those present worldwide, who can now appreciate the art by visiting online galleries of these museums (Camp, MacFadden and Mercer, 2000). Thus, the visitors are no longer limited to physical visits to the institutions. Their visits are no longer contingent on their geographical location, but simply on their passion and interest in art. Furthermore, technology has made it possible to sort out and cater to each of these virtual visitors individually, based on their educational backgrounds, ages and interests. This helps museums further achieve their goals of educating the public with the various lessons that art has to offer, and expanding their minds to further enable them to understand the depths of each piece of art. Thus, with this technological aide, museums are able to enrich the experience they provide to their visitors (Perlin 1998). Another relevant insight that the available literatures had to offer was about the â€Å"Contaminated Cultural Materials in Museum Collections† workshop that the Arizona State Museum at the University of Arizona in Tuscon held. The planning and implementation was sponsored by a NAPGRA grant, and the event took place from March 16th to 18th in 2000 (Odegaard & Sadongei, 2005). The workshop was held for representatives of the twenty one American Indian tribes in Arizona, aiming to discuss the features and quantity of chemical contamination present on tribal cultural material that the museum possesses. Following this, it aimed to explain the need for using such poisons on the materials. This was accompanied by a brief overview of the health risks, which are potentially attached with preserving and restoring a functional object in order to display to a community. Finally, the workshop aimed to circulate the clearinghouse information pertaining to medical referrals as well as toxicologists, chemical hygienists and other su ch health experts (Odegaard and Sadongei, p xi, 2005). Conclusion The workshop highlighted some important facts that need attention when museums and tribes plan to collaborate in the restoration of objects before sending them back to their place of origin. It shed light on the importance of communication in this ordeal. It is the museums responsibility to actively communicate all issue during consultations, and to keep the tribes informed during the whole process. The chances of uncovering a serious health issue of

Write a short case study outlining the essence of the new proposed Assignment

Write a short case study outlining the essence of the new proposed business venture - Assignment Example In this regard, this business plan shall bring out the structure and design of the operation of this venture, complete with the financials. This plan has borrowed the operational structure and operating procedure from the business plan of Gordon Food Service, a healthcare food service provider. Gordon Food Service inspection for compliance with state and federal law on hygiene, controls the cost of food service, undertakes training on food services and food safety. The vision of the New York Food Truck company is to be the biggest food truck company in the city. The spread of this venture to other states will be considered upon its success in the state of New York. The mission is to be a reliable partner in providing healthy food services to the busy working population. In so doing, the company will be able to successfully provide healthy solutions and contribute to building a healthy society, while at the same time providing jobs to many unemployed persons. The New York Food Truck Company shall have one control point from where all orders and assignments shall be taken. It would take an approximate 10 trucks to be able to serve the entire city. Each truck shall have a driver and a sales person driving to places around the city with high traffic of people. Upon identifying a safe parking spot, the trucks will then be opened to sell food to the members of the public. Each truck will be fitted with food heating devices, and the food will be made from the kitchen at the premises. In order to ensure hygiene, the food shall be packed in treated containers that will only be unpacked at the point of sale. The company shall hire a chef to make the food with utmost professionalism. The food is meant to be highly nutritious, and so a nutritionist shall be consulted to work out the proportions of the food. The truck staff shall be trained on hygienic practices to ensure the food is not contaminated. In addition to that, there

Prompt 4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prompt 4 - Coursework Example The movement has been enhanced by the requirement in the US that every employee who has more than 50 employees should seek health insurance cover for his/her employees. It is estimated that half Americans that is an approximate 170 million people are covered by employer-sponsored health insurance which was as per thee census data taken. The Obama administration is not willing to make any delay on the implementation of the Obamacare’s employer mandate where it has established that all firms should cover their employees offer health coverage or pay fines until 2015.Connectively, having prepared the rolling out of the private health insurance, ObamaCare, and the overall federal state economy. According to researchers, the delay of the mandate will have more people to enroll in the Obamacare’s subsidized insurance exchanges due to shared responsibility payments (Getzen, 2010). Additionally, if the rolling out is delayed the drive may raise the cost of labor, therefore, increasing unemployment. The employers are willing to be spared the mandate for one more year. Politically the democratic are not willing to have the promise they made to the citizen be not fulfilled before their time on office comes to end. Additionally it is also argued that health that the US health- care system is mostly the tax codes that have people covered through their employers instead of shopping for their own cover. Nevertheless economist has stressed that it is better for a collective buy which could be easy done by the employer that individuals since it is much cheaper and easy to manage through their salaries. The plan estimates that about 96 of employers will be subjected to the responsibility of covering their employees (Getzen, 2010). Since enough time has been allowed for the companies to consider simpler ways that they are expected to do their reporting as

Write a single page summarizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write a single page summarizing - Essay Example The company was happy with the product, which manifested great features as compared to Apple II. However, the happiness was cut short, two months after introduction. The project did not consider the available software, as only three existed. Evidently, no software was expected at the time for a period of six months hence making operations difficult. Apple III software was buggy and crashed even at little functions such as the save command. Certainly, this caused frustration among journalists interested in exploring the new device. The problems did not stop at the software, but the motherboard also got hot hence pushing chips out of their sockets. In response, Apple officials advised customers to drop their systems for reset. Nonetheless, the project came at a halt when IBM launched a more effective computer at lower prices ($1,565) than Apple. In this light, customers crossed over to IBM PC without giving apple even the alternative option hence the

Prompt 4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prompt 4 - Coursework Example The movement has been enhanced by the requirement in the US that every employee who has more than 50 employees should seek health insurance cover for his/her employees. It is estimated that half Americans that is an approximate 170 million people are covered by employer-sponsored health insurance which was as per thee census data taken. The Obama administration is not willing to make any delay on the implementation of the Obamacare’s employer mandate where it has established that all firms should cover their employees offer health coverage or pay fines until 2015.Connectively, having prepared the rolling out of the private health insurance, ObamaCare, and the overall federal state economy. According to researchers, the delay of the mandate will have more people to enroll in the Obamacare’s subsidized insurance exchanges due to shared responsibility payments (Getzen, 2010). Additionally, if the rolling out is delayed the drive may raise the cost of labor, therefore, increasing unemployment. The employers are willing to be spared the mandate for one more year. Politically the democratic are not willing to have the promise they made to the citizen be not fulfilled before their time on office comes to end. Additionally it is also argued that health that the US health- care system is mostly the tax codes that have people covered through their employers instead of shopping for their own cover. Nevertheless economist has stressed that it is better for a collective buy which could be easy done by the employer that individuals since it is much cheaper and easy to manage through their salaries. The plan estimates that about 96 of employers will be subjected to the responsibility of covering their employees (Getzen, 2010). Since enough time has been allowed for the companies to consider simpler ways that they are expected to do their reporting as

Corporate Social Responsibility in India Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility in India Essay The basic principle of the sustainable development and Corporate Social Responsibility is the combination of needs important both from the point of view of an institution, as well as a group of entities operating in its environment (employees, shareholders, stakeholders, borrowers, local society) within its business policy. Thus, the goal of a contemporary organisation should be to maximise its shareholders’ value satisfying, at the same time, expectations of other stakeholders (stakeholders’ value) by integrating economic, social and environmental operations. There are many factors that make us interested in Corporate Social Responsibility 2: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ New problems and expectations of citizens, customers, public authorities and investors in the context of globalisation and significant industrial changes; Social criteria have bigger and bigger influence on investment decisions made by units and institutions playing both the role of consumers as well as investors; Bigger and bigger care for damages caused to natural environment by business activities; Transparency of business activities supported by media and IT technologies. Corporate Social Responsibility principles, as well as the quality of information in their web sites and annual reports, the main sources of knowledge about the company for potential investors, counterparties and local communities. In the near future, we should also expect that as a result of the globalisation of financial markets, Polish listed companies will meet investors that are more aware of Corporate Social Responsibility and consumers that invest and co-operate better with companies supporting environmental and social development. The analysis of awareness rates and progress in implementing the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility in the sector of Polish companies covered all joint stock companies listed in the Warsaw Stock Exchange4, excluding listed banks (covered in the analysis of the banking sector) and national investment funds. Results of the study are based on information disclosed and presented in web sites and annual reports of the analysed companies and they refer to the following aspects: †¢ †¢ †¢ reporting on Corporate Governance principles adopted by the company, including audit rules; reporting on the company’s environmental policy, reporting on the company’s social policy. The study covered possibilities of an access for investors, local communities, potential business partners to the information about the company’s financial standing, and strategies in progress. The principles for reporting on Corporate Governance were stipulated in the resolution of the Stock Exchange Council of October 16, 2002 (58/952/2002) on best practice in public companies in 2002. Pursuant to this document, companies were obliged to publish and deliver, by July 1, 2003, their first statement confirming their will to observe the newly introduced rules. The study carried out by the Institute shows that over 90 percent of companies publish their reports on incorporating (adopting) principles of Corporate Governance in their business strategies. However, we have to point out that the quality and availability of the information presented in web sites and in annual reports of companies for potential investors and society is relatively low. 4 The analysis was carried out from August – October 2003. 5 The Gdansk Institiute for Market Economics Among the listed companies under the study, only 40 percent disclose and publish detailed information about the structure of their Corporate Governance, and mostly in web sites, where companies present the information about the composition and structure of their management board (74. 4 %) and the composition and structure of their supervisory board (62. 2 %). Chart 1. 1. 1 Do domestic companies publish detailed information about the structure of their supervisory bodies? 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Board structure Supervisory board structure Responsibilities of board member Definition of independence 25,6% 37,8% 51,7% 87,2% 99,4% 99,4% 74,4% 62,2% 48,3% 12,8% 0,6% Any supervisory board Commities 0,6% Individuals responsible for implementation, oversight and audit of economic, social and environmental policies YES NO Source: Own study based on research carried out by the Gdansk Institute for Market Economics. The Institute’s studies on the companies’ informing about the structure and responsibilities of their main bodies in charge of Corporate Governance also show that: †¢ domestic listed companies have not appointed persons in charge of implementing and supervising their policy related to Corporate Social Responsibility, yet (only 0. 6%), †¢ companies usually do not disclose the information about the existing committees at their supervisory boards. Potential investors and business partners willing to establish co-operation with a given entrepreneur want to know external auditors analysing the company’s financial statements and know whether they are reliable. 6 The Gdansk Institiute for Market Economics The Institute’s study shows that 88 percent of domestic public companies presents information related to their audit policy in their web sites. The companies usually give procedures for selecting external auditors, principles for rotation (changes) of external auditors and point out that external auditors are independent of the company. Nevertheless, in Poland, companies still do not present statements on audit costs and costs of other services performed by auditors. The Institute’s analysis also shows that most listed companies under the study (86. %) have undertaken to respect such shareholders’ rights specified in the Best Practice like: †¢ †¢ right to express their opinion and make motions to the company’s management board; right to see minutes and reports from previous meetings (usually available to the shareholders at the company’s office); †¢ publishing information on future General Shareholders Meetings and their agenda. Chart 1. 1. 2 Do domestic companies publish information about audit, shareholders’ rights, implemented principles of their Code of Business Conduct / Code of Ethics? 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 12,8% 13,3% 98,9% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 87,2% 86,7% 1,1% 0% Does the Company disclose audit related Does the company disclose its policy on information? shareholder rights? Does the company disclose and report on its internal Code of Business Conduct/ Code of Ethics? YES NO Source: Own study based on research carried out by the Gdansk Institute for Market Economics. Assessing the awareness and progress in implementing the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility by Polish listed companies, it is worth underlining that still a small percentage of companies has developed and adopted the Code of Ethics and the Code of Business Conduct, 7 The Gdansk Institiute for Market Economics where the companies define, for example, principles for social, environmental policy, issues related to the protection of human rights, employment policy. The managements have to guarantee that the Code of Business Conduct is effectively implemented, monitored and improved. Therefore, the European Commission promotes companies which adopt and implement the Codes of Business Conduct prepared by international corporations. In the opinion of the European Commission, the Code of Business Conduct should 5: †¢ Be based on guidelines of the Convention of the International Labour Organisation, defined in the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work from 1998 and OECD’s guidelines for international companies related to social partners and their stakeholders; †¢ †¢ †¢ Incorporate mechanisms required to assess and verify the Code implemented; Involve social partners and other groups of stakeholders influencing the company’s operations in the dialog about the shape of the Code; Expand the experience related to best practice in European companies. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility also assumes that the company should purposefully get involved in environmental protection. The study shows that domestic listed companies do not find it purposeful to present information about actions taken to protect t e natural environment. On the one hand, it h results f rom the fact that the companies are not aware of potential benefits they could obtain, according to the assumptions of Corporate Social Responsibility, for example if their environmental actions are positively perceived by their stakeholders. The research carried out by the Market and Opinion Research International (MORI) under the CSR Europe campaign on the sample of 12 thousand citizens representing 12 countries shows that around 70 percent of consumers buying a product or a service take into account the level which a given producer is involved in social and environmental activity to. At the same time, every fifth consumer is ready to pay more for goods produced by a socially responsible company. On the other hand, the lack of information about environmental actions taken by the companies results from relatively low financial expenses borne by these companies for environmental purposes.

Analysis Of Standardization Verses Adaptation

Analysis Of Standardization Verses Adaptation Globalization seems to have become the phenomenon that no one can escape form whether its a small business or a big one. It even seems to have huge effect on our life style. Schaeffer 2003. As defined by Wild et al. (2005, p.6) globalization is the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. This reflects that globalization is a phenomenon that encompasses not only businesses but also other factors making up the society Daniels et al. 2007; Hill 2007. The modern economic landscape has globalization as one of its prominent feature Anthony Pecotich and Steven Ward 2007. It is proposed that in coming time it will be the foreign markets that will play the main role for growth of most of the firms Douglas B. Holt, John A. Quelch, and Earl L. Taylor 2004. And this phenomenon, that seems to have great impact on us all, makes the bases for new market systems (Craig and Douglas 1996; Ghauri and Cateora 2006). This system makes markets so interdependent that the performance of firm is evaluated on a global rather than national base. (Porter 1986; Ulrike de Brentani, Elko J. Kleinschmidt, and So ¨ ren Salomo 2010) .Globalization brings with it several decisions to be made, one of which is the standardization or adaptation of various aspects of marketing mix (Chung 2003; Walters 1986; ÃÆ'-zsomer et al. 1991). A firm when entering a new market can make the choice of either modifying the product referred to as adaptation or making no change in the product referred to as standardization (Roger J. Calantone, S. Tamer Cavusgil, Jeffrey B. Schmidt, and Geon-Cheol Shin 2004). A strong disagreement exists between the scholars favoring standardization in contrast to those esteeming adaptation. (Theodosiou and Leonidou 2003; Ryans et al. 2003) Literature Review: The debate over supremacy of adaptation versus standardization runs back for more than half a century with Elinder (1961) and Roostal (1963) being pioneer contributors, with their main focus on corporate advertising functions, with the notion of standardization in advertisement which was based on the argument that marketing principles largely remain the same ubiquitously. International marketing was first discussed from a wider viewpoint by Bartels (1968) who argued in favor of standardization strategy. Buzzell (1968) spoke of standardization as the standardization of the 4Ps of marketing mix, namely product, price, place and promotion, across borders. Levitt (1983) proposed this standardization of product worldwide to be one of a key success factor for firms when going global. On the other hand researchers also claim that standardization is an oversimplification which is not effectively operative and true for marketing concepts ( Douglas and Craig 1986; Douglas and Wind 1987). These and many other researches bought into limelight the scholarly debate over supremacy of standardization verses adaptation, which is still on-going (Cavusgil et al. 1993; Johnson and Arunthanes 1995; Lages 2000; Shoham 1999; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001). The theory of economies of scale is considered to be of fundamental importance to the advocates of standardization, as it is argued that standardization brings with it economies of scale and this result in reduction of cost and maximization of profits. (Porter 1985; Porter 1980; Ryans et al. 2003; Shoham and Albaum 1994). Economy of scale is also claimed to be one of the most probable outcomes of standardization (Buzzell 1968; Douglas and Craig 1986; Levitt 1983; Theodosiou and Leonidou 2003; Yip 1995; ÃÆ'-zsomer and Simonin 2004) The advocates of adaptation, on the other hand, question the impact of economies of scale. As Douglas and Wind (1987) claim that distribution cost is more important than production cost. Strong arguments questioning economies of scales influence on promotion have also been evidenced (Douglas and Craig 1986; Onkvisit and Shaw 1987). Theodosiou and Leonidou ( 2003) take the discussion further by proposing that the central motive of organizations is long-term profits which could be achieved through adaptation rather than standardization. Further arguing that as low price customers are habitually not brand loyal (Keller 2003; Wind 1986) this raises a big question mark for the firms espousing standardization in the long run (Douglas and Wind 1987; Wind 1986). Similarly another argument in favor of standardization is the intensification in homogenized needs of global customers resulting in an increasing number of similar market segments across countries. This increased in globalization of customers is believed to be made possible by the development of transportation technologies (Levitt 1983). It is argued that the technological advancement results in augmented customer mobility producing global customers with homogenous needs (Cavusgil et al. 2008; Douglas and Wind 1987; Keegan et al. 1987; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001). These global customers are even prepared to sacrifice other features of product in order to acquire standardized product of high quality and low price (Levitt 1983). And this trend of customers choice is claimed to be the reason for many products to have universal specifications (Cavusgil et al. 2008). The companies going for standardization influence their suppliers to offer standardized products and this reflect why bu siness to business organizations have to go for standardization (Buzzell 1968; Douglas and Wind 1987; Yip 1989). Similarly Ohmae (1985) discusses the Triad in order to elaborate homogenization of customers. Triad, which encompasses the European Union, United States and Japan, seems to be filled with customers having large number of correspondences in their psychographic and demographic characteristics and this group of customers is open to globally vigorous companies (Ohmae 1985; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001). Because of the increasing number of these internationally savvy consumers with similar needs in terms of product and service features, several global customer segments ,based on behavior rather than religious or political margins, are proposed, by researchers, to be pleased with standardized offerings (Armstrong and Kotler 2007; Cavusgil et al. 2008; Hassan et al. 2003; Hassan and Craft 2005). Whereas Wiechmann and Pringle (1979) claim that there is always friction between home and host markets, this friction could be between the company and its foreign distributor or foreign customer and / or even between home country and host country offices. This friction is result of different environmental discrepancies between the two markets. It is suggested that adaption can help minimize this friction resulting in better performance (Shoham 2002; Shoham and Albaum 1994). Another frequently mentioned justification to why international companies should adopt standardization is the technological advancement in communications and information (Buzzell 1968; Jain 1989; Terpstra and Sarathy 2000; Zou and Cavusgil 2002). There are several channels on television available to customers globally via cable and satellites (Elinder 1965; Jobber 2007). In addition to this, international availability of English language print media can be traced back to decades (Terpstra and Sarathy 2000). likewise internet has also developed into a vibrant marketing device worldwide (Chaffey et al. 2006; Mohammed et al. 2003). All this presents a global market for standardized advertisement. And it backs Levitts (1983) claim that people would want things promoted on these new technologies. These marketing tools enable and direct the use of standardized marketing strategies (Theodosiou and Leonidou 2003; Zou and Cavusgil 2002). However, it is also argued that new technology brings w ith it more flexibility which favor adaptation and a firm can use this to have advantage over its competitors (Douglas and Craig 1986; Douglas and Wind 1987; Shoham 1999). Fairly allied with the homogenization of customers and market segments, mentioned earlier, is the proliferation in regional economic amalgamation, taking place globally. The past few years have seen an extraordinary spread of regional trade arrangements. With the most noticeable regional economic amalgamations, till date, to be the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and European Union (EU). It is argued that standardized strategies are most likely to be successful in these areas (Cavusgil et al. 2008; Hill 2007; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001; Wild et al. 2005). As these agreements aim to remove trade barriers this intern facilitate internationalization of firms which brings with itself globalization of customers in these integrated regions (Hill 2007; Wild et al. 2005). Where on one had we find claims in favor of standardization On the other hand Friedman (2000) debates that standardization may work for limited number of product. Adding on to this claim are Douglas and Craig (1986) litigating that there is no evidence available to support the standardization view. Many scholars have debated that there exists a fairly large difference between the foreign markets and for this reason the marketing strategies should be adjusted according to the specifications of individual foreign market (Cavusgil et al. 2008; Cavusgil et al. 1993; Czinkota and Ronkainen 2007; Shoham 1995; Terpstra and Sarathy 2000; Theodosiou and Leonidou 2003). Different arguments have been given in favor of adaption; some highlighting the variances in the distribution channels (Daniels et al. 2007), while others highlighting the differences in national preferences (Cavusgil et al. 2008; Wind 1986). Such statements have been made by the advocates of adaptation in an effort to claim ad aptation to be a better strategy. And it has been testified that even the giant brands, like Coca Cola and McDonalds, incur numerous adaptation strategies in accordance to their foreign markets (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2007) Analysis and result: Putting it in a nutshell we may say that technological advancement, homogenization of customers worldwide and economic integration pushes organizations to adapt standardization in order to prosper (Buzzell 1968; Cavusgil et al. 1993; Levitt 1983; Sustar 2005). However, on the other hand adaptation proponents are of the view that not only there exist significant differences between customers form different countries but also the technological encroachment in production may even cause eradication to the economies of scale argument. Further proposing that even if it doesnt completely remove the effect of economies of scale; it will reduce the effect to minimal level; hence, making adaptation a better suited strategy in the times to come. Although standardization and adaptation are two viewpoints that contradict each other, it is difficult to claim supremacy of one over the other. Both standardization and adaptation have their benefits, yet that does not imply that a strategy useful for one organization in some specific market will prove to be useful for the same organization in another market or may be for a different organization in the same market. There are number of factors that may influence the decision of adaptation of Standardization or Adaptation (Jain 1989). Massive work has been done in order to identify and chock down a list of different factors influencing the decision of selecting adaptation or standardization, in a very general manner ( Johnson and Arunthanes 1995; Lages and Montgomery 2004; Lee and Griffith 2004; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001). Furthermore, ÃÆ'-zsomer et al. (1991) has done a more systematic study of these influencing factors. . Cavusgil and Zou (1994) came up with a further simplifi ed description of the aspects that need to be taken into account when making the decision of choosing to move towards standardization or adaptation. This orderly arrangement has been used by number of academics ( Katsikeas et al. 2006; Michell et al. 1998; ÃÆ'-zsomer and Simonin 2004). Managerial implications: As through the discussion it is clear that both standardization and adaption have their pros and corns and along with a number of other factors influencing the decision of choosing the accurate strategy that will be successful in a particular condition for an organization. For this reason when an organizations decides to go global, their Managers must not think of supremacy of standardization over adaptation or vice versa, rather they need to understand the market they are going in and should also understand their organization along with all the influencing factors in order to decide which strategy, Adaptation or Standardization, would lead the organization towards their major goal of being successful, when responding to the process of globalization. Limitations The above study tries to give deeper understanding about the continued under debate topic of standardization verses adaptation. However, due to shortage of time and resources there might be some areas not covered in this paper. Never the less it adds to the existing body of knowledge and further research could be done in order to understand the phenomenon of standardization and adaptation so as to know which strategy will suit in what kind of conditions, for a particular organization, in order to make the organization not only successful nationwide but also across the globe. A Anthony Pecotich and Steven Ward 2007 Anthony Pecotich and Steven Ward 2007 Global branding, country of origin and expertise An experimental evaluation Armstrong and Kotler 2007 Armstrong, Gary and Philip Kotler (2007), Marketing: An Introduction (9 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. B Bartels 1968 Bartels, Robert (1968), Are Domestic and International Marketing Dissimilar? Journal of Marketing, 32 (3), 56-61. Buzzell 1968 Buzzell, Robert (1968), Can you standardise multinational marketing? 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Social inequality in 1820s Essay examples -- essays papers

Social inequality in 1820s Social equality has been a goal of America since its very beginning. However, it was only an intention to be socially equal, but not a goal. Social equality or the fact that all men were created equal only applied to the white man. There was no intention in meaning that the blacks and Indians or even the women were equal. In the eyes of the delegates, and the common white majority, blacks, indians, and women were not an issue. To them, it was apparent that blacks were kids, Indians were savages, and women were homemakers. From the late 18th century to the mid 19th century was the greatest era of social and racial inequality in all American history. The Declaration of Independence states, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." This infamous passage written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4th, 1776, states that ALL men are created equal and are entitled to Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. Although this statement has been argued about its actual meaning hundreds of times by students, philosophers, historians, etc., it still is relevant in discussing the true intentions of the new nation. If all men were created equal then why were there slaves? Why did the government deny the Indians of their rights? Why was there so much injustice? That phrase simply meant that all free citizens were politically equal. This did not apply to blacks or women under the eyes of the signers. As time went by, the meaning "All Men are created equal" took a meaning different t han that of the common people in 1776. The years following the establishment of the new nation were times of refining and tuning of the new government. The question of the true meaning of "All Men are Created Equal" arised again and again until it influenced the minds of Americans that is was time for social equality. In order to understand the reasons why blacks were treated so cruelly and socially unequal is to understand the perspective of whites in the era from the late 18th century to the late 19th century. "It (the south) must pettify the institution and its own reactions, must begin to boast at its own Great Heart. To have heard them talk, indeed, you would have thought the sole reason ... ...m to move in the dead of winter. In other words, the Indians were said to have had rights, but never really had any because the American Government constantly changed the rules because of their lack of respect towards the Indians and their belief that they were inferior. In Conclusion, the period between the late 18th century to the mid 19th century was one of the most socially and racially unequal times in all of AMerican History. The rights described in our Declaration of Independence were irrelevant to minorities, the assumption that "All Men Are Created Equal" was only applied to white men and not minorities like Blacks and Indians. Blacks were treated like children in this period, thought to be inferior and uncivilized and therefore not even rights. Even worse, Indians were promised rights and land, only to have both stripped from them by the American government through means of "treaties", agreements, and war. This period was truly one of the most wrong and unequal periods of American History, however, it was a landmark in the creation of a new nation. While all these social inequalities existed, America flourished and grew to be one of the greatest nations in the world.